Reading Guide: 
1. horses were used to plow fields more than oxen 
2. food production increased, well fed people could better resist disease and live longer 
3. guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and working conditions
4. there was a new way of business and an increased ability of trading goods 
5. the small communities became a powerful force for changes in Europe
6. merchant class dwellers organized themselves and demanded rights
7. literature was brought to many people and masterpieces were written that are still around today
8. universities were established in Paris, Bologna, Italy and Oxford and Salerno, Italy
9. Europeans discovered a new body of knowledge


Assessment: 
three field system - a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided Ito three fields of equal size and each of these was successfully planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop and left unplanted 
guild - a medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members' wages and prices
Commercial Revolution - the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries 
burgher - a medieval merchant - class town dweller 
vernacular - the everyday language of people in a region or country 
Thomas Aquinas - an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church 
scholastics - scholars who hatred and taught at medieval at European universities 

2. Education changed because of the vernacular and books being translated into many different languages. Health and farming got better because of the new horsepower which caused a growth in food production. Feudalism was starting to become destroyed because of the different groups organizing themselves and demanding rights. 

3. Guilds kept the prices up and provided security in trading and reduced losses. 

4. They were part of the universities that allowed people to get an education. 

5. Instead of hoping for rights, they demanded them and didn't give up. 

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